American meteorologist George Taylor has done a review of the 'Arctic Climate Impact Assessment' for the Marshall Institute. Taylor has an interest in correlations and finding 'matches'. This is what artic temperatures back to 1880 look like superimposed on a fish, specifically the black sea bass:
Read the full report at http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/309.pdf . The fish can be found on page 33 and in figure 38. There is some discussion of the famous hockey stick on page 32.
Hey I Have A Question To Do For Home Work Can You Please Help Me, The Question Is:How Does Burning Coal And Oil Contribute To The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect?
Thank you.
P.s. Can I Have The Answer As Soon As Posible Thank You Once Again.
Deano
Which is what I said. It was warm enough to grow peat in the ares mentioned at those times. The are is now permafrost.
How about
http://newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=4865
AND
Science, Vol 303, Issue 5656, 353-356 , 16 January 2004
Siberian Peatlands a Net Carbon Sink and Global Methane Source Since the Early Holocene
L. C. Smith,1,2* G. M. MacDonald,1,3* A. A. Velichko,4 D. W. Beilman,1 O. K. Borisova,4 K. E. Frey,1 K. V. Kremenetski,1,4 Y. Sheng1
Interpolar methane gradient (IPG) data from ice cores suggest the "switching on" of a major Northern Hemisphere methane source in the early Holocene. Extensive data from Russia's West Siberian Lowland show (i) explosive, widespread peatland establishment between 11.5 and 9 thousand years ago, predating comparable development in North America and synchronous with increased atmospheric methane concentrations and IPGs, (ii) larger carbon stocks than previously thought (70.2 Petagrams, up to 26% of all terrestrial carbon accumulated since the Last Glacial Maximum), and (iii) little evidence for catastrophic oxidation, suggesting the region represents a long-term carbon dioxide sink and global methane source since the early Holocene.
During summer field campaigns in 1999, 2000, and 2001 (14), we collected 87 peat cores from Russia's West Siberian Lowland (WSL), the world's largest peatland complex (6) (Fig. 1). These campaigns were directed at previously unstudied peatlands of the WSL, particularly in permafrost (15). Radiocarbon dating of peat material at the base of each core establishes the age of peatland initiation (table S1). These radiocarbon dates, together with a compilation of 139 additional dates gleaned from a variety of published and unpublished sources (16), provide a comprehensive database of peatland initiation for the entire WSL (Fig. 2). Figures 1 and 2 show that WSL peatlands expanded broadly and rapidly in the early Holocene (11.5 to 9 ka), a period previously thought to be unfavorable for northern peatland development (1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 17, 18). The rapidity of this expansion directly contradicts a "steady-state" peatland growth model previously theorized for the region (18), and the timing of maximum expansion is coincident with peak values of atmospheric methane concentration as recorded in Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) and Taylor Dome ice cores (Fig. 2).
1 Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1524, USA.
2 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1524, USA.
3 Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1524, USA.
4 Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 109017, Russia.
Was to be my next question.I have not come across core drill data for permafrost deposits.
I have difficulty with any surface deposits surviving glaciation. All the areas I am familiar with were polished to bear rock and subsequently covered by soil and peat. These areas are now farm land and harvested for turf for home heat.
Well if you want to argue with C14 carbon dating !
Coal is buried under a rock or sediment overburden and is heated by heat flow from the earths core, the peat referred to is on the surface and is therefore recent. Biomass allowed to remain in contact with air would rot to C02 from whence it came. Bog decay is such to prevent oxygen to allow decay of the biomass but it remains on the surface.
There are two types of peat and it is not clear which one is referred to. Beyond 1000 years it turns to brown coal. The peat is recent, less than 1000 yearsold, therefore the claim that the tundra was permafrost for 11000 years is suspect to me.
A quick scan of the literature or internet on peat will show that the peat bogs are very old and have been frozen for a long time.
Coal was once living matter too but hasn't required water in millions of years !