Homogenisation Creating Remodelled Temperature Series for Australia

The list below contains the 112 Australian Climate Observations Reference Network – Surface Air Temperature (ACORN-SAT) locations with the associated Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) station ID numbers. Each entry in the list contains links to two figures in which minimum and maximum temperature data are displayed.

The raw and adjusted series are charted together. In this way it is possible to get some understanding of the extent of the remodelling.

#	Site name	State	BoM ID	Tmin	Tmax
1	Adelaide	SA	023090	Tmin	Tmax
2	Albany	WA	009999	Tmin	Tmax
3	Alice Springs	NT	015590	Tmin	Tmax
4	Amberley	QLD	040004	Tmin	Tmax
5	Barcaldine	QLD	036007	Tmin	Tmax
6	Bathurst	NSW	063005	Tmin	Tmax
7	Birdsville	QLD	038026	Tmin	Tmax
8	Boulia	QLD	038003	Tmin	Tmax
9	Bourke	NSW	048245	Tmin	Tmax
10	Bridgetown	WA	009617	Tmin	Tmax
11	Brisbane	QLD	040842	Tmin	Tmax
12	Broome	WA	003003	Tmin	Tmax
13	Bundaberg	QLD	039128	Tmin	Tmax
14	Burketown	QLD	029077	Tmin	Tmax
15	Butlers Gorge	TAS	096003	Tmin	Tmax
16	Cabramurra	NSW	072161	Tmin	Tmax
17	Cairns	QLD	031011	Tmin	Tmax
18	Camooweal	QLD	037010	Tmin	Tmax
19	Canberra	NSW	070351	Tmin	Tmax
20	Cape Borda	SA	022823	Tmin	Tmax
21	Cape Bruny	TAS	094198	Tmin	Tmax
22	Cape Leeuwin	WA	009518	Tmin	Tmax
23	Cape Moreton	QLD	040043	Tmin	Tmax
24	Cape Otway	VIC	090015	Tmin	Tmax
25	Carnarvon	WA	006011	Tmin	Tmax
26	Ceduna	SA	018012	Tmin	Tmax
27	Charleville	QLD	044021	Tmin	Tmax
28	Charters Towers	QLD	034084	Tmin	Tmax
29	Cobar	NSW	048027	Tmin	Tmax
30	Coffs Harbour	NSW	059151	Tmin	Tmax
31	Cunderdin	WA	010286	Tmin	Tmax
32	Dalwallinu	WA	008297	Tmin	Tmax
33	Darwin	NT	014015	Tmin	Tmax
34	Deniliquin	NSW	074258	Tmin	Tmax
35	Dubbo	NSW	065070	Tmin	Tmax
36	East Sale	VIC	085072	Tmin	Tmax
37	Esperance	WA	009789	Tmin	Tmax
38	Eucla	WA	011003	Tmin	Tmax
39	Forrest	WA	011052	Tmin	Tmax
40	Gabo Island	VIC	084016	Tmin	Tmax
41	Gayndah	QLD	039066	Tmin	Tmax
42	Georgetown	QLD	030124	Tmin	Tmax
43	Geraldton	WA	008315	Tmin	Tmax
44	Giles	WA	013017	Tmin	Tmax
45	Grove	TAS	094220	Tmin	Tmax
46	Gunnedah	NSW	055024	Tmin	Tmax
47	Halls Creek	WA	002079	Tmin	Tmax
48	Hobart	TAS	094029	Tmin	Tmax
49	Horn Island	QLD	027058	Tmin	Tmax
50	Inverell	NSW	056242	Tmin	Tmax
51	Kalgoorlie-Boulder	WA	012038	Tmin	Tmax
52	Kalumburu	WA	001019	Tmin	Tmax
53	Karijini North	WA	005098	Tmin	Tmax
54	Katanning	WA	010916	Tmin	Tmax
55	Kerang	VIC	080023	Tmin	Tmax
56	Kyancutta	SA	018044	Tmin	Tmax
57	Larapuna	TAS	092045	Tmin	Tmax
58	Launceston	TAS	091311	Tmin	Tmax
59	Laverton RAAF	VIC	087031	Tmin	Tmax
60	Learmonth	WA	005007	Tmin	Tmax
61	Longreach	QLD	036031	Tmin	Tmax
62	Low Head	TAS	091293	Tmin	Tmax
63	Mackay	QLD	033119	Tmin	Tmax
64	Marble Bar	WA	004106	Tmin	Tmax
65	Marree	SA	017126	Tmin	Tmax
66	Meekatharra	WA	007045	Tmin	Tmax
67	Melbourne	VIC	086338	Tmin	Tmax
68	Merredin	WA	010092	Tmin	Tmax
69	Mildura	VIC	076031	Tmin	Tmax
70	Miles	QLD	042112	Tmin	Tmax
71	Morawa	WA	008296	Tmin	Tmax
72	Moree	NSW	053115	Tmin	Tmax
73	Moruya Heads	NSW	069018	Tmin	Tmax
74	Mount Gambier	SA	026021	Tmin	Tmax
75	Nhill	VIC	078015	Tmin	Tmax
76	Normanton	QLD	029063	Tmin	Tmax
77	Nowra	NSW	068072	Tmin	Tmax
78	Nuriootpa	SA	023373	Tmin	Tmax
79	Oodnadatta	SA	017043	Tmin	Tmax
80	Orbost	VIC	084145	Tmin	Tmax
81	Palmerville	QLD	028004	Tmin	Tmax
82	Perth	WA	009021	Tmin	Tmax
83	Point Perpendicular	NSW	068151	Tmin	Tmax
84	Port Hedland	WA	004032	Tmin	Tmax
85	Port Lincoln	SA	018192	Tmin	Tmax
86	Port Macquarie	NSW	060139	Tmin	Tmax
87	Rabbit Flat	NT	015666	Tmin	Tmax
88	Rayville Park	SA	021133	Tmin	Tmax
89	Richmond	QLD	030161	Tmin	Tmax
90	Richmond	NSW	067105	Tmin	Tmax
91	Robe	SA	026026	Tmin	Tmax
92	Rockhampton	QLD	039083	Tmin	Tmax
93	Rutherglen	VIC	082039	Tmin	Tmax
94	Scone	NSW	061363	Tmin	Tmax
95	St George	QLD	043109	Tmin	Tmax
96	Sydney	NSW	066062	Tmin	Tmax
97	Tarcoola	SA	016098	Tmin	Tmax
98	Tennant Creek	NT	015135	Tmin	Tmax
99	Thargomindah	QLD	045025	Tmin	Tmax
100	Tibooburra	NSW	046126	Tmin	Tmax
101	Townsville	QLD	032040	Tmin	Tmax
102	Victoria River Downs	NT	014825	Tmin	Tmax
103	Wagga Wagga	NSW	072150	Tmin	Tmax
104	Walgett	NSW	052088	Tmin	Tmax
105	Wandering	WA	010917	Tmin	Tmax
106	Weipa	QLD	027045	Tmin	Tmax
107	West Wyalong	NSW	050017	Tmin	Tmax
108	Wilcannia	NSW	046012	Tmin	Tmax
109	Williamtown	NSW	061078	Tmin	Tmax
110	Wilsons Promontory	VIC	085096	Tmin	Tmax
111	Woomera	SA	016001	Tmin	Tmax
112	Yamba	NSW	058012	Tmin	Tmax

Each figure contains annual mean temperature series, including the raw ADAM (CDO) data (derived from the monthly mean temperatures available from the BoM CDO portal), and the ACORN-SAT data (derived from the daily values available from the BoM long-term temperature record).

For the raw series, each annual mean value is calculated as the average of twelve months for the relevant calendar year. If one month is missing, the calendar year is excluded from the series.

For the ACORN-SAT series, the monthly averages are first calculated from daily values (following the BoM method: “If more than 10 days of data are missing in a given month, that monthly average is deemed to be missing”), and then the annual mean is calculated in the same way as for the raw series discussed above.

A least-squares regression line is also shown for each temperature series with the associated rate of warming or cooling (degrees Celsius over a century) indicated. The rate of warming or cooling is given in brackets for each temperature series less than 10 years.

A note on weightings:

The average temperature anomaly series for Australia (or the separate states/regions as in the BoM climate change tracker) are effectively weighted averages of the individual ACORN-SAT series.

The process is explained here.

Each ACORN-SAT site is associated with a monthly weight, based on the area it represents (its footprint), which depends on how close its nearest neighbours are.

As mainland ACORN-SAT is a daily dataset, and not all 112 records are 100% complete from 1910 to today, the weights change (potentially on a daily basis – as the mix of available stations changes, but the weights are only given per month.) Also note that the BoM excludes (or at least this is what they say) the 8 urban sites – so they actually only consider 104 ACORN-SAT sites for areal averaging purposes.

The weights are not assigned to stations and then the average calculated as the weighted sum, but rather the individual data points are interpolated on a regular 2D grid across Australia using a certain areal interpolation algorithm (Barnes successive correction). Once this is done and the average determined through the grid, the influence of each of the 112 sites are inferred after-the-fact (or as an output of the interpolation algorithm), and this influence is expressed as a “weight”.

So each weight can be seen as an estimated influence of each site on the national average, but they aren’t actually used as you would normally in calculating a weighted average.

Archived comparison table